ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed towards an X-ray people screening system capable of rapidly screening people for detection of metals, low Z materials (plastics, ceramics and illicit drugs)¹ and other contraband² which might be concealed beneath the person’s clothing or on the person’s body. In an exemplary embodiment, the scanning system has two scanning modules that are placed in parallel, yet opposing positions relative to each other. The two modules are spaced to allow a subject, such as a person,((The oddness of this specifying clause is clear. The invention is called “Improved Security System for Screening People” )) to stand and pass between the two scanning modules. The first module and second module each include a radiation source (such as X-ray radiation) and a detector array. The subject under inspection stands between the two modules such that a front side of the subject faces one module and the back side of the subject faces the other module.³

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to the field of X-ray screening systems for screening people, and more specifically to an inspection system that uses a first module and a second module to sequentially or simultaneously scan both the front side and the back side of a subject without requiring the subject to rotate. In addition, the present invention relates to an inspection system that that uses a first module and a second module for generating images from both a) image signals backscattered from the subject and b) shadow image signals created from X-rays that do not strike the subject during a scan.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Security systems⁴ are presently limited in their ability to detect contraband, weapons, explosives, and other dangerous objects concealed under clothing. Metal detectors and chemical sniffers are commonly used for the detection of large metal objects and some types of explosives; however, a wide range of dangerous objects exist that cannot be detected with these devices. Plastic and ceramic weapons are non-metallic objects that security personnel are required to detect. Currently, existing systems do not detect such objects well, and the alternative of manual searching is slow, inconvenient, and not well tolerated by the general public, especially as a standard procedure in, for example, airports.⁵
Prior art X-ray systems for detecting objects concealed on persons do exist and can be improved from the perspective of radiation dosing, scanning speed and image quality. For example, United States Patent Number 5,181,234 (hereinafter, the ‘”234 patent”), assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes “[a] pencil beam of X-rays is scanned over the surface of the body of a person being examined. X-rays that are scattered or reflected from the subject’s body are detected by a detector. The signal produced by this scattered X-ray detector in then used to modulate an image display device to produce an image of the subject and any concealed objects carried by the subject. The detector assembly is constructed in a configuration to automatically and uniformly enhance the image edges of low atomic number (low Z) concealed objects to facilitate their detection. A storage means is provided by which previously acquired images can be compared with the present image for analyzing variances in similarities with the present image, and provides means for creating a generic representation of the body being examined while suppressing anatomical features of the subject to minimize invasion of the subject’s privacy.” The system, as described, however, requires that the subject assume at least two poses for a full scan. Even with the at least two poses, certain areas of the subject may not be captured due to hidden areas. In addition, the scanning system of the ’234 patent is only capable of detecting backscattered radiation, due to the position of the detector array. This patent is incorporated by reference.
In addition, United States Patent Number 6,094,472 (hereinafter, the ‘”472 patent”), also assigned to the assignee of the present invention, describes a method for using an X-ray backscatter imaging system for searching a subject for concealed objects, “comprising the steps of: moving the subject within a passageway, the passageway having an entrance and an exit; initiating operation of at least one X-ray source upon entry of the subject into the passageway; producing a pencil beam of X-rays having a low dose directed toward a scanning area at a plurality of scanning positions within the passageway; scanning the pencil beam of X-rays over the scanning area; tracking said pencil beam of X-rays to each of said plurality of scanning positions, wherein the tracking is substantially coordinated with forward progress of the subject through the passageway; using a plurality of detectors, detecting X-rays that are backscattered from said pencil beam as a result of interacting with the subject when positioned at each scanning position of the plurality of scanning positions; and displaying a digitally represented image of the detected backscattered X-rays.” The ’472 patent suffers from the same disadvantages as the ’234 patent in that it is only capable of detecting backscattered radiation, due to the positioning of the detector array and radiation sources and requires that the subject move through the passageway of the system, thus complicating detection capability due to the motion of the subject. This patent is incorporated by reference.
Further, United States Patent No. 6,393,095 (hereinafter the ‘”095 patent), issued to Robinson, describes a method for detecting a defect in a sample in which “a pair of stereoscopic images of the sample are produced, one image is subtracted from the other to provide a resulting two dimensional image, and that said resulting two dimensional image is checked against a golden two dimensional image which has been produced in identical fashion from the said golden sample, identity of the two images indicating identity between the said sample and the said golden sample, differences indicating a difference between the said sample and the said golden sample.” The ’095 patent, however, uses methods of subtracting resultant images, rather than combining images. This patent is incorporated by reference.
The above-mentioned systems, while effective at people screening, have low overall throughput and require several scanning or image acquisition steps. In addition, they require large amounts of operational space, which is not always available at a given inspection site.
Accordingly, there is need for a relatively compact people screening system that is capable of scanning both the front side and back side of a person without requiring the person to rotate or walk through for additional scans, thereby enabling relatively higher overall system throughput.⁶
Further, conventional people screening systems generally contend with the competing interests of image quality and privacy, usually at the expense of either one of the two. Thus, there is a need for a people screening system that uses a combination of backscatter image signals with shadow image signals to provide higher quality images for better edge enhancement and contraband detection without invading privacy of the person.⁷

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the present invention comprises an imaging apparatus for detecting a concealed object carried on a human body comprising: a first module, further comprising a first X-ray source for producing a first pencil beam of X-rays directed toward said human body and a first detector assembly providing a signal representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by the first X-ray source, said first detector assembly being disposed on a same side of said human body as said first X-ray source and having an active area for receiving a portion of said scattered X-rays from said human body as a result of being scanned by said first X-ray source and a portion of transmitted X-rays; a second module, further comprising a second X-ray source for producing a second pencil beam of X-rays directed toward said human body and a second detector assembly providing a signal representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by said second X-ray source, said second detector assembly being disposed on a same side of said human body as said second X-ray source and having an active area for receiving a portion of said scattered X-rays from said human body as a result of being scanned by said second X-ray source and a portion of transmitted X-rays from the first module; a processor for processing detector signals generated from said first detector assembly and second detector assembly to form at least one image; and a display for presenting said at least one image to an operator.
Optionally,⁸ the imaging apparatus further comprises an enclosure having four walls, at least one ceiling and at least one floor with a pressure sensitive sensor that transmits signals to a processor to initiate scanning. Optionally, the processor comprises programmable code that causes the first module to scan the human body while the second X-ray source is not activated. Optionally, the processor comprises programmable code that causes said second module to scan the human body while the first X-ray source is not activated. Optionally, the processor comprises programmable code that causes the first module or the second module to move vertically. Optionally, the vertical movement is coordinated. Optionally, the first module is interchangeable with the second module. Optionally, the processor comprises programmable code that uses signals representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by the first X-ray source from first detector assembly and signals representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by the second X-ray source from second detector assembly to generate said image. Optionally, the processor processes programmable code that uses signals representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by the second X-ray source from second detector assembly and signals representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by the first X-ray source from first detector assembly to generate said image.
Optionally, the processor processes programmable code that uses signals representative of the intensity of the transmitted X-rays from the first module to form a shadow image of the human body. Optionally, the processor processes programmable code that uses signals representative of the intensity of the transmitted X-rays from the second module to form a shadow image of the human body. Optionally, the first module and second module sequentially scan the human body. Optionally, the first module and second module move vertically in a synchronous manner such that, while the first detector array captures backscattered image signals, the second detector array captures transmitted signals that are not absorbed or backscattered by the human body. Optionally, the first module and second module move vertically in a synchronous manner such that, while the second detector array captures backscattered image signals, the first detector array captures transmitted signals that are not absorbed or backscattered by the human body. Optionally, the signals produced from the first detector array and second detector array are routed to the processor along with synchronization signals.
In another embodiment, the present invention comprises a first module, further comprising a first X-ray source and a first detector assembly, said first detector assembly being disposed on a same side of said human body as said first X-ray source and having an active area for receiving a portion of X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by said first X-ray source and a portion of transmitted X-rays; a second module, further comprising a second X-ray source and a second detector assembly, said second detector assembly being disposed on a same side of said human body as said second X-ray source and having an active area for receiving a portion of said scattered X-rays from said human body as a result of being scanned by said second X-ray source and a portion of transmitted X-rays from the first module; wherein said first and second modules are parallel to each other; a processor for processing detector signals generated from said first detector assembly and second detector assembly to form at least one image wherein said processor comprises programmable code that uses signals representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by the first X-ray source from first detector assembly and signals representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by the second X-ray source from second detector assembly to generate said image; and a display for presenting said at least one image to an operator.
Optionally, the first module and second module sequentially scan the human body. Optionally, the first module and second module move vertically in a synchronous manner such that, while the first detector array captures backscattered image signals, the second detector array captures transmitted signals that are not absorbed or backscattered by the human body.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be appreciated, as they become better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 is a side view of the screening system of the present invention, further illustrating the position of a subject under inspection;
Figure 2a is a side view of the screening system of the present invention, further illustrating a subject being scanned by the first module;
Figure 2b is a side view of the screening system of the present invention, further illustrating a subject being scanned by the second module;
Figure 3 is an illustration of one embodiment of a mechanical means for generating a horizontal sweeping pencil beam of X-rays; and
Figures 4a and 4b depict one embodiment of a mechanical means for generating a vertical sweeping pencil beam of X-rays.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed towards an X-ray people screening system capable of rapidly screening people for detection of metals, low Z materials (plastics, ceramics and illicit drugs) and other contraband which might be concealed beneath the person’s clothing or on the person’s body.
In an exemplary embodiment, the present invention is directed towards an object detection system in which two scanning modules are placed in parallel, yet opposing positions relative to each other. The two modules (hereinafter, by way of reference only, first module and second module) are spaced to allow a subject, such as a person, to stand and pass between the two scanning modules. The first module and second module each include a radiation source (such as X-ray radiation) and a detector array. The subject under inspection stands between the two modules such that a front side of the subject faces one module and the back side of the subject faces the other module.
In one embodiment, the modules sequentially scan the subject from the front and the back. The sequentially scanned images are combined to form a complete image of the subject.

Thus, the present invention is directed towards a people screening system in which both the front and back images of a subject under inspection are generated while the subject stands in a single position. Further, the sequential scanning ensures that the scanning X-ray beams from the two modules do not interfere with each other. Moreover in placing the detector arrays on opposing sides of each radiation source, the inspection system of present invention detects both backscattered radiation and transmitted radiation (the shadow of the subject), thus enhancing image quality. Additionally, the images generated by the detected backscattered radiation and shadow of the subject are combined to further enhance image quality.
In one embodiment, edge enhancement is provided while simultaneously suppressing the edges of internal anatomy that produce confusion in image interpretation.
In another embodiment, a storage means is provided by which previously acquired images can be compared with the present image for analyzing variances in the present image.
The present invention also provides means for creating a non-human representation of the body being examined to thereby permit faster inspection with less invasion of privacy. One embodiment of the present invention does not require the operator to view an actual image of the subject’s body to obtain an indication of objects desired to be detected; rather, a generic body outline or template can be used to indicate relative location of concealed objects. This eases concerns related to a possibly objectionable invasion of privacy. These techniques are discussed in detail in co-pending United States Patent Application Number 12/204,320, entitled “Personnel Security Screening System with Enhanced Privacy”, filed on February 2, 2008, and herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Various modifications to the preferred embodiment, disclosed herein, will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and the disclosure set forth herein may be applicable to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and the claims hereto appended. Reference will now be made in detail to specific embodiments of the invention. Language used in this specification should not be interpreted as a general disavowal of any one specific embodiment or used to limit the claims beyond the meaning of the terms used therein.
Figure 1 is a side view of the screening system 100 of the present invention, further illustrating the position of a subject 104 under inspection. In one embodiment, the screening system optionally comprises an enclosure 102, having four walls (two of which are shown as 102a and 102b), ceiling 102e, and a floor 135. It should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that such an enclosure is exemplary and any number of suitable enclosures may be employed. For example, and not limited to such example, the enclosure may be free of a ceiling or at least one wall. The enclosure 102 houses the elements of the X-ray imaging system 100 and is designed to form a housing or passageway that extends through the imaging system 100 from an entry point to an exit point.
In one embodiment, X-ray imaging system 100 comprises a first module 105 and a second module 110. In one embodiment, a subject 104 is sequentially scanned by the first module 105 and second module 110 to allow for a complete front side and back side screening of the subject 104, for concealed weapons or contraband, as the subject stands between the two modules 105, 110 through the enclosure 102.
The first module 105, which, in one embodiment, is designed to be interchangeable with the second module 110, comprises a radiation source 108 and a detector array 106. Similarly, the second module 110 comprises a radiation source 113 and a detector array 111. Interchangeability is not a necessity, but may be a desirable feature of the system 100 for a variety of reasons including simplicity in the manufacturing of the modules 105, 110. In other embodiments, module 105 is designed as a “mirror” version of module 110 such that the radiation sources 108, 113 are located in directly opposing positions as illustrated in Figure 1.
Screening system 100 further comprises a processor system that includes computer processor 115 for processing detected X-rays as input from the first module 105 and second module 110, generating representative images from the inputs, and delivering the resultant images to a monitor 120 from the detected X-rays. The processor assembly may be provided as part of the structure 102, or it may be remotely located utilizing appropriate cables or wireless connections known to persons of ordinary skill in the art.
In one embodiment of the screening system of the present invention, radiation source 108 on first module 105 emits X-rays that are incident upon the front side of the subject under inspection 104 when the subject 104 is facing forward and looking at the first module 105. Some of the incident X-rays that reach the subject are backscattered, and subsequently received by the detector array 106 of the first module 105, thus generating an image of the front side of the subject 104. Those incident X-rays neither absorbed by nor backscattered by the subject 104 are received by the detector array 111 located at the second module 110. Thus, the detector array 111 receives X-ray radiation from the first module that can be processed to form a transmission image, or shadow image, of the subject 104. Data from the detectors 106, 111 of both the first and second modules 105, 110 are combined to recreate an image of the front side of the subject.⁹

In a similar manner, radiation source 113 on second module 110 emits X-rays that are incident upon the back side of the subject under inspection 104. Some of the incident X-rays that reach the subject are backscattered, and subsequently received by the detector array 111 of the second module 110, thus generating an image of the back side of the subject 104. Those incident X-rays neither absorbed by nor backscattered by the subject 104 are received by the detector array 106 located at the first module 105. Thus, the detector array 106 receives X-ray radiation from the second module that can be processed to form a transmission image, or shadow image, of the subject 104. Data from the detectors 106, 111 of both the first and second modules 105, 110 are combined to recreate an image of the front side of the subject.
In one embodiment, first module 105 and second module 110 sequentially scan the subject 104. When the first module 105 is scanning a first side of the subject 104, the X-ray source of the second module remains deactivated; however, both modules move vertically and in sync with each other so that while the detector array 106 of the first module 105 captures the backscattered image signals, the detector array 111 of the second module 110 captures the shadow image signals produced by the X-rays generated from the radiation source 108 of the first module 105 that are not absorbed or backscattered by the subject.
Subsequently, once the first module 105 has scanned the first side of the subject, the radiation source 108 is deactivated and the radiation source 113 of the second module 110 is activated to begin scanning the second side, back side of the subject 104. Again, both modules move vertically in sync with each other so that while the detector array 111 of the second module 110 captures the backscattered image signals, the detector array 106 of the first module 105 captures the shadow image signals produced by the X-rays generated from the radiation source 113 of the second module 110 that are not absorbed or backscattered by the subject.
Figures 2a and 2b are perspective views of the first module 205 and second module 210 respectively, of the imaging system 200, providing pencil beams 235, 236 (in Figure 2a) and 235′, 236′ (in Figure 2b) of X-rays directed at the body of the subject 202 being examined. The generation of pencil beams is described with respect to Figure 3 below.
Figure 2a is a side view of the screening system of the present invention, further illustrating a subject under inspection by the first module 205. In one embodiment, subject under inspection 202 stands with his front side facing the first module 205 and his back side toward second module 210. While the present invention is described with respect to screening a subject assuming this pose, it should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the subject may be positioned in several other poses to achieve the same effect. When first module 205 is activated, X-rays 235 are emitted and X-rays that are scattered or reflected 237 from the front side of the subject 202 are detected by X-ray sensitive detectors 206 positioned on the same side of the subject 202 as is the X-ray pencil beam source 208 of the first module 205 while the remaining incident X-rays 236 that are not absorbed or reflected by the subject 202 are detected by the detectors 211 of the second module 210 on the side opposite to the source 208. The detectors 206 and 211 are positioned for substantially uniform X-ray detection on all sides of the incident X-ray beams 235, 236.
In one embodiment, electronic signals 225, 230 produced from the detectors 206, 211 are routed into digital computer 215. In another embodiment, synchronization signals 226 from the X-ray source 208 are also routed into digital computer 215, and vice-versa. The computer 215 combines the front side scattered imaging signals 225 and the front side shadow imaging signals 230 from both detectors 206, 211, respectively, to generate the front side image of the body on a monitor (screen) 220.
Figure 2b is a side view of the screening system of the present invention, further illustrating a subject being scanned by the second module 210. With reference to Figure 2b, when the second module 210 is activated X-rays 235′ are emitted and X-rays 237′ that are scattered or reflected from the back side of the subject under inspection 202 are detected by X-ray sensitive detectors 211 positioned on the same side of the subject as the X-ray pencil beam source 213 of the second module 210 while the remaining incident X-rays 236′ that are not absorbed or backscattered by the subject 202 are detected by the detectors 206 of the first module 205 on the side opposite to the source 213 of the second module 210.
In one embodiment, electronic signals 225, 230 produced from detectors 206, 211 for the back side of the subject under inspection 202 are routed into digital computer 215. In another embodiment, synchronization signals 231 from X-ray source 213 are also routed into digital computer 215, and vice-versa. The computer 215 combines the back side scattered imaging signals 230 and the back side shadow imaging signals 225 from both detectors 211, 206, respectively to generate the back side image of the body on the monitor (screen) 220.

Thus, in one embodiment, by placing detector arrays 206, 211 on opposing sides of the inspection area, the image quality of the subject under inspection is enhanced because image signals generated from backscattered radiation and shadow images are combined to form a detailed image.
Referring again to Figures 2a and 2b, in one embodiment of the present invention, first module 205 and second module 210 sequentially scan the subject 202. Sequential scanning ensures that the two scanning beams of X-rays 235 and 235′ generated from first module 205 and second module 210, respectively, do not interfere with each other. Thus, when the subject 202 stands between first module 205 and second module 210, radiation source 208 on first module 205 is activated first for scanning the side of the subject 202 facing first module 205, which is in one embodiment, the front side of subject 202. It should be appreciated that the digital computer 215 comprises a processor, memory, and software for synchronizing the sequence and timing of the scanning by the first and second modules. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that the first and second modules are attached to vertical structures that permit and enable the vertical physical movement of the modules, as driven by at least one motor that receives timing signals from the digital computer 215.
Once the first module scan is completed the radiation source 208 of the first module 205 is deactivated and the source 213 of the second module 210 is activated to initiate the scan of the other side of the subject 202 facing the second module 210. Thus, the scans from the first and the second modules occur sequentially, one after another, to eliminate possibility of interference of the beams 235, 235′ from first and second modules 205, 210, respectively.
Figure 3 is an illustration of one embodiment of a mechanical means for generating a horizontal sweeping pencil beam of X-rays. Referring now to Figure 3, each screening module comprises an X-ray tube 305, a mechanical chopper wheel 306 and slit 307, which combine to create X-ray pencil beam source 308, as is known in the art, for scanning the pencil beam 309 in a horizontal motion across the body of a subject. The generation of such pencil beams is well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art and will not be discussed in further detail. It should be appreciated that, in one embodiment, a gap between the two detector arrays of the first and second modules, shown as 226 in Figure 2b, can act as a beam shaping slit through which X-rays are emitted.

Figures 4a and 4b depict one embodiment of a mechanical means for generating a vertical sweeping pencil beam of X-rays that will scan the entire height of a subject under inspection.

While Figures 4a and 4b illustrate the vertical mechanism with reference to first module of the imaging system of the present invention, it is to be understood that a similar mechanism occurs for enabling vertical sweep of the X-ray beam of the second module.
Referring back to Figures 4a and 4b, the detectors 406 contain opening 407 through which the pencil beams of X-rays 408 pass before striking the subject under examination. Detectors 406 are mounted on two vertical shafts 409 which are in turn mounted on a base 410 to guide the motion of the detectors 406 as they are moved in a vertical direction. The X-ray pencil beam source 411 is mounted on a carriage 412, which in turn is supported by pivot joint 413, connected to detector 406, and pivot joint 414, connected to a vertical support 415. As the detectors 406 are moved in a vertical direction, the X-ray pencil beam 408 is moved in an arc, such that it always passes through the opening 407 in the detector 406.
Referring again to Figure 2a, and keeping in mind the vertical motion mechanism of the modules described above with respect to Figures 4a and 4b in mind, when first module 205 is activated for scanning the first side of the subject 202 facing the first module 205 the second module source 213 remains deactivated. However, as described earlier, the imaging system of the present invention uses backscatter imaging signals generated by detection by a first module in combination with the shadow image signals generated by detection by a second module to generate an image of the side of the subject facing that module.
Therefore, although the radiation source 213 of second module 210 remains deactivated while the first module 205 is scanning the subject 202, the source 213 and detector 211 of the second module 210 move in sync with the vertical motion of the source 208 and detector 206 of the first module 205. This is to ensure that while the backscatter image signals 225 due to X-rays 235 from the first module 205 striking the subject 202 are captured by the detectors 206 of the first module 205, the shadow image signals 230 due to X-rays 236 from the first module 205 are also captured by the detectors 211 of the second module 210 that had been moving in sync with the first module 205.
Referring now to Figure 2b, once the scan from the first module 205 is complete, the radiation source 208 of the first module 205 is deactivated and the source 213 of the second module 210 is activated to start the scan of the back side of the subject 202. As the second module 210 scans subject 202, and moves vertically, first module 205 (with its source deactivated) moves in sync with the second module 210, capturing the shadow image signals

225. The X-ray imaging system of the present invention is fully automated in one embodiment.

In another embodiment, the imaging system of the present invention is semi-automated with operator assistance.
In one embodiment, both the first module 205 scan and second module 210 ranges in time from 0 seconds to 20 seconds. In one embodiment, the scan time is 3 seconds.
In one embodiment, the vertical movement of the source and detectors is 4 to 5 feet. It should be noted herein that while a vertical movement is described with respect to this embodiment, the source and detector may swivel, pivot, rotate, or make a combination of these movements.
In one embodiment, the distance between first module 205 and second module 210 is in the range of 2-10 feet. In one embodiment, the distance between first module 205 and second module 210 is 3 feet.
Referring back to Figure 1, in one embodiment, the floor or base or platform 135 of the structure 102 is pressure sensitive such that as soon as the subject under inspection 104 steps on to the floor 135 an embedded pressure sensor (not shown) triggers the activation of the imaging system 100. The subject 104 is then scanned on a first side by the first module 105 and thereafter on the second side by the second module 110, or vice-versa. Once both the front side and the back side of the subject under inspection 104 have been completed, first module 105 and second module 110 deactivate and stop scanning, waiting for the next subject to step upon the floor or base 135.
Other embodiments of scan triggering mechanisms may be employed such as infra-red beam interruption where the scanning is triggered when a subject enters the booth structure and in doing so intercepts a beam of infra red rays installed in the structure. Other triggering mechanisms would also be evident to persons of ordinary skill in the art.
In another embodiment, the screening system of the present invention is semi-automated, in that an operator manually triggers the scanning cycle. Once triggered, the scanning cycle completes the sequential front and back screening of the subject as predetermined or pre-programmed.

During operation of the system 100, the subject 104 is first scanned with the imaging system 100 to obtain digital image signals of both the front and back of the subject 104. As shown in Figure 1, the imaging system 100 produces image signals 125, 130 that are modulated by characteristics of the body of the person 104 being examined. The image signals 125, 130 are routed into a digital computer system 115 such as an IBM PC that is capable of implementing preprogrammed instructions for image analysis. The computer system 115 comprises a memory in which is stored the library of previous image signals of persons not concealing dangerous objects. The computer system 115 uses this information to generate a processed image on monitor 120 in which image features that correspond to common benign objects and normal human anatomy are suppressed. The operator viewable image may be inspected for evidence of dangerous concealed objects.
In one embodiment, in order to preserve the subject’s privacy, certain anatomical features may be suppressed or screened out to avoid the display of these features to the system operator. The key features in the newly acquired image are then compared with a stored library containing previously obtained human images. This library of human images is used to identify common anatomical features in the present subject so those anatomical features can be suppressed. The library may also contain within its images certain common benign objects which can also be suppressed to permit more accurate detection of dangerous or illegal concealed objects. These common anatomical and benign features are not of concern to the system operator and are suppressed in the processed image signal. The remaining features in the image are regarded as unusual and potentially indicative of objects that the system operator is attempting to detect.
The location of detected features can be referenced to the absolute location in the image, or in relation to the body of the person being examined. The latter method has the advantage of being insensitive to subject positioning within the imaging window and differing subject size.
The suppression of anatomical and benign image features can consist of selectively displaying the features at reduced intensity, in a different color, or removing them entirely from the image. In one embodiment, the outline of the subject’s body is removed from the image and a humanoid outline is substituted for location reference. In another embodiment, if very few or no abnormal features are detected, the display may consist of alpha-numeric information, such as: “No abnormal features detected” or “Diagonal edge detected on upper chest”.

The task of isolating an object from the associated background is a common problem in the art of image processing. It is well known that detection of an object edge is often more reliable than detection of the entire object based on a shifted signal level alone. Edge enhancement is a common method of processing digitally represented images to increase the detectability of objects. The present invention uses extensive edge detection in visual processing as described in United States Patent No. 5,181,234, the specification of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In order to enable edge enhancement for detection and enhance the quality of the images of the front side and back side of the subject, both the radiation backscattered from the subject as well as the shadow signals of the subject due to radiation not striking the subject are combined. United States Patent Number 7,110,493, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, describes “[a] method for detecting concealed items on or in an object, the method comprising: producing a pencil beam of x-rays from an x-ray source directed toward said object; scanning said beam of x-rays over the surface of said object; and detecting x-rays scattered from said beam of x-rays as a result of interacting with said object and a low Z material panel, said object located between said detector and said panel, said detecting comprising differentiating x-rays back scattered by the object from those back scattered by the low Z material panel, wherein said pencil beam of x-rays exposes said object to an x-ray dose in the range of about 1 microRem to about 10 microRem”, and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Also, while in one embodiment the operator is presented with discrete, processed images of the front side and back side of the subject adjacent to each other on the monitor screen, in an alternate embodiment these two images are combined to generate a three dimensional image (still suppressed with anatomical details) that can be rotated on the screen by the operator to view a combined image of the front side and back side. It should be appreciated that the scanning functions described herein, including the initiation, and processing, of backscatter and transmission scanning is performed by programmable code stored in the digital computer and executed by the processor.
The above examples are merely illustrative of the many applications of the system of present invention. Although only a few embodiments of the present invention have been described herein, it should be understood that the present invention might be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the present examples and embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention may be modified within the scope of the appended claims.

CLAIMS

We claim:
1. An imaging apparatus for detecting a concealed object carried on a human body comprising: a first module, further comprising a first X-ray source for producing a first pencil beam of X-rays directed toward said human body and a first detector assembly providing a signal representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by the first X-ray source, said first detector assembly being disposed on a same side of said human body as said first X-ray source and having an active area for receiving a portion of said scattered X-rays from said human body as a result of being scanned by said first X-ray source and a portion of transmitted X-rays;
a second module, further comprising a second X-ray source for producing a second pencil beam of X-rays directed toward said human body and a second detector assembly providing a signal representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by said second X-ray source, said second detector assembly being disposed on a same side of said human body as said second X-ray source and having an active area for receiving a portion of said scattered X-rays from said human body as a result of being scanned by said second X-ray source and a portion of transmitted X-rays from the first module;
a processor for processing detector signals generated from said first detector assembly and second detector assembly to form at least one image; and
a display for presenting said at least one image to an operator.
2. The imaging apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an enclosure having four walls.
3. The imaging apparatus of claim 2, further comprising at least one ceiling and at least one floor.
4. The imaging apparatus of claim 1 wherein said processor processes programmable code that causes said first module to scan the human body while the second X-ray source is not activated.
5. The imaging apparatus of claim 1 wherein said processor processes programmable code that causes said second module to scan the human body while the first X-ray source is not activated.
6. The imaging apparatus of claim 1 wherein said processor processes programmable code that causes the first module or the second module to move vertically.

7. The imaging apparatus of claim 6 wherein said vertical movement is coordinated.
8. The imaging apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first module is interchangeable with the second module.
9. The imaging apparatus of claim 1 wherein processor processes programmable code that uses signals representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by the first X-ray source from first detector assembly and signals representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by the second X-ray source from second detector assembly to generate said image.
10. The imaging apparatus of claim 1 wherein processor processes programmable code that uses signals representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by the second X-ray source from second detector assembly and signals representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by the first X-ray source from first detector assembly to generate said image.
11. The imaging apparatus of claim 1 wherein said processor processes programmable code that uses signals representative of the intensity of the transmitted X-rays from the first module to form a shadow image of the human body.
12. The imaging apparatus of claim 1 wherein said processor processes programmable code that uses signals representative of the intensity of the transmitted X-rays from the second module to form a shadow image of the human body.
13. The imaging apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first module and second module sequentially scan the human body.
14. The imaging apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first module and second module move vertically in a synchronous manner such that, while the first detector array captures backscattered image signals, the second detector array captures transmitted signals that are not absorbed or backscattered by the human body.
15. The imaging apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first module and second module move vertically in a synchronous manner such that, while the second detector array captures backscattered image signals, the first detector array captures transmitted signals that are not absorbed or backscattered by the human body.

16. The imaging apparatus of claim 1 wherein signals produced from the first detector array and second detector array are routed to the processor along with synchronization signals.
17. An imaging apparatus for detecting a concealed object carried on a human body comprising: a first module, further comprising a first X-ray source and a first detector assembly, said first detector assembly being disposed on a same side of said human body as said first X-ray source and having an active area for receiving a portion of X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by said first X-ray source and a portion of transmitted X-rays; a second module, further comprising a second X-ray source and a second detector assembly, said second detector assembly being disposed on a same side of said human body as said second X-ray source and having an active area for receiving a portion of said scattered X-rays from said human body as a result of being scanned by said second X-ray source and a portion of transmitted X-rays from the first module; wherein said first and second modules are parallel to each other;
a processor for processing detector signals generated from said first detector assembly and second detector assembly to form at least one image wherein said processor processes programmable code that uses signals representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by the first X-ray source from first detector assembly and signals representative of the intensity of the X-rays scattered from said human body as a result of being scanned by the second X-ray source from second detector assembly to generate said image; and
a display for presenting said at least one image to an operator.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the first module and second module sequentially scan the human body.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the first module and second module move vertically in a synchronous manner such that, while the first detector array captures backscattered image signals, the second detector array captures transmitted signals that are not absorbed or backscattered by the human body.

1. As all Latour litanies, this one is used to make a rhetorical claim for the heterogeneity of the nonhuman world. In terms of threat detection, the list brings together turns objects classified as “low Z materials” into heterogeneous threats and implies the difficulty of current surveillance is found in the tactical wiles of terrorism. This last notion is echoed often by politicians in the ubiquitous statement that “we need to always be one step ahead of terrorists” implying the threat is not attacks themselves, but heterogeneity. [↩]
2. Playing into the previous litany, there is a coupling that occurs between low Z materials and contraband are placed next to one another. Low Z materials are not, in fact, contraband in most cases. By excluding this detail, one can assume the technology only detects illegal things. As evidenced by Alaskan state representative Sharon Cissna, low Z materials include things like prostheses such as those worn post-mastectomy. [↩]
3. This last portion is an internalist and Whigish historical reference later brought up in the International Search Report (ISR). There have been numerous previous inventions that detect in this fashion. The important improvement is that the embodiment implements found results that can be applied in industry. That is to say, the invention is does not rely on an inventive step/non-obviousness, but a novelty–namely, the creation of such an extrapolation–and industry applicability–namely, the embodiment manifesting that extrapolation for use. The patent presents a view of technological progress in the fashion of building blocks. The US version of this patent lays this out further by showing the foundational patents as a list; the international patent organization does not require this. Also worth noting is the us patent is called “Security System for Screening People”. While the US and international patents were filed at the same time, the addition of “Improved” seems anomalous since there is no international patent for the eponymous to the US version. Maybe this is an effort, as Pinch and Bijker state, to manifest effects by claiming them. For Pinch and Bijker, the bike was deemed safe partially by advertisements claiming just that. Maybe the same thing is happening here. [↩]
4. Other than the title this is the first time security is used within the body of the patent. It is used in total only three (3) times. In these instances, the patent positions the area of use and so invokes need. [↩]
5. At the time of the filling of the patent, increased pat downs had not yet been in place. In the same way Geof Bowker explains about oil surveying, the patent and the real-world practice were not in alignment at first. For Bowker, the orchestration of the proper conditions to make the patentable process an obligatory passage point was done by the inventor himself. In the case here, the deployment of the devices created a demand for more extensive hand searches, hence increasing the discomfort and contest of such measures in public. [↩]
6. To explain further, the technology being described is ideal for larger number of people in small spaces as it takes less time to produce the images and takes up less space. The additional claim is that the technology takes on the responsibility of seeing around the body by seeing back and front without forcing a person to move. This is important in that embedded within the technology is a stipulation of human error. The subject as much as the operator are rid of responsibility both of knowing the procedures and enacting them. The location of blame is removed from personnel or passenger, and placed on the machine. The machine is then believed to be objective in that it is fully autonomous, simply relaying facts without human interruption. [↩]
7. In later versions of the technology the privacy concerns are addressed further by abstracting the image even more. The deployment of this second generation was only a deployment of software. [↩]
8. There are 17 optional portions of the patent. This means the patent describes 17! objects. The spectrum of inventions allows for the non-fixture of the object. Features can be included or not without compromising the integrity of the invention. While these seem to just describe the invention within particular conditions, certain options–specifically those that rely on only one of the modules working–are in fact other inventions entirely. Hence the patent can sit above less robust inventions. Encapsulating this other inventions is done by citation (above) and here by description. The patent not only presents a Whig history of this sort of invention, but quite literally builds one by layering previous patents within the proposed material. [↩]
9. These descriptions provide a Hegelian notion of the thing-in-itself–the more data one collects about something, say, through sight, the more one knows about it. Hence, the technology here claims to not miss any available information. The availability and previous loss of that information strongly argues that the threat has always been present, but simply unable to be detected. It makes a positivist argument for security. [↩]